公路线源大气环境影响预测方法对比分析研究

文章通过从模式原理、范围和特点等方面对AERMOD大气预测模式与EIAA预测模式进行对比分析,以甘肃省天水段G310国道升级改造项目为例,分别采用AERMOD和EIAA两种模式对交通线源排放的特征污染因子CO在各环境空气敏感点的小时最大浓度进行预测,并对预测值与实测值进行对比分析,探讨两种模式在公路线源大气环境影响预测中的适用性及差异性。以期为今后开展道路交通类建设项目大气环境影响预测评价中模式的选取提供参考和借鉴。     

内蒙古夏季大气降水同位素特征及影响因素

为探明内蒙古地区夏季大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O组成特征及其对气象因子变化的响应关系,于2017~2019年夏季采集了内蒙古阿拉善左旗、呼和浩特市市区、正蓝旗、克什克腾旗（达里湖）、通辽科尔沁左翼中旗和呼伦贝尔新巴尔虎右旗（呼伦湖）等6个区域共计82次大气降水样品,结合来自全球降水同位素观测网（GNIP）的包头、张掖等6个区域大气降水样品中δD和δ¹⁸O数据,分析了内蒙古地区大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O变化的区域差异及其主要影响因素,结果表明：内蒙古局地大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O值存在自西向东不断偏负的趋势,其中呼伦贝尔新巴尔虎右旗大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O值最偏负;相对地,西部阿拉善左旗大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O值最偏正;内蒙古地区局地大气降水线斜率和截距同样表现出自西向东逐渐偏正的变化趋势,显示二次蒸发作用的影响逐渐下降,且局地蒸发水汽团对西部地区大气降水影响明显,如位于西风环流影响区的阿拉善左旗等区域局地蒸发气团占到8月部分单次大气降水来源水汽团的100%,而7月份,东亚夏季风环流对内蒙古局地大气降水的影响最为明显;整体上,虽然区域大气湿度变化引起的二次蒸发是影响内蒙古局地大气降水过程的一个关键因素,不过大气降水量对夏季大气降水稳定同位素组成的影响最明显.即西风环流影响区大气湿度变化对氘盈余指数d值的影响程度明显强于东亚夏季风区大气湿度变化的影响,而东亚夏季风环流影响区大气降水量对d值的影响程度则相对明显.     

探索性数据分析在西藏气候变化趋势研究中的应用

为了减少小样本时间序列资料中个别异常值对气候变化趋势分析的破坏性影响,采用探索性数据分析方法之一的三组耐抗线对西藏近30年气温、云量资料进行线性趋势分析,研究了西藏地区气温和云量的变化趋势及其区域分布,并讨论了二者的相关特征。通过与传统的最小二乘法相比,表明三组耐抗线用于西藏气候变化趋势分析具有明显优势,而用最小二乘法得到的西藏气候变暖估计偏高。分析认为,西藏气候变暖主要由最低气温增高显著所致,最低气温变暖趋势在春、夏季较明显,冬季相对不明显;西藏各地增温幅度在空间分布上不一致,中、西部地区呈较强的增温趋势,东部相对较弱;西藏高原总云量和低云量总体呈减少趋势,总云量和低云量变少分别与西部和中部地区的升温之间存在显著负相关关系。     

长江中下游河道与岸线演变特点

分析了长江中下游河道岸线变化的主要因素，它们分别是河岸崩塌，泥沙淤积及人类活动等，其中河岸崩塌是河道岸线演变的最主要原因。总的来说长江中下游干流河势是稳定的，但五个河段有各自演变特点和规律，其中宜昌－枝城段河道与河床比较稳定，岸线顺直，但葛洲坝和三峡水利枢纽建成后对河床的冲刷作用较大；荆江段是长江著名的河曲段，其冲淤变化较大；城陵矶至湖口段为节点和分汊河床组成，一般来说节点较为稳定，而分汊河床不太稳定，湖口至江阴河段岸线一般较为稳定，但弯道河床变化较大；河口段不但受江流作用影响，还受潮流与波浪等共同影响，所以河口河床演变迅速，主要表现为汊道主泓迁移摆动。     

水体中高锰酸盐指数的流动注射分析方法

研究了用流动注射分析技术测定水体中高锰酸盐指数。使用新发明的耐腐蚀恒流泵、低记忆高效混合器、不存留气泡流通池等部件，通过高温高压，缩短消解时间，从而建立了一种可用于无人值守的自动在线快速监测水体中高锰酸盐指数的分析方法。     

放射源在线监控系统设计与应用

为了防止在使用放射源时发生脱落、丢失、超标使用、私自转移等情况,最大限度避免辐射安全事故,有必要设计建立放射源在线监控系统,对放射源放射性指标(辐射剂量率)及所处位置(经纬度)实行连续的自动监测。并通过各级监管平台设置放射源超标、异动等报警程序,全面提升放射源科学监管水平。     

2015年冬季京津冀两次重污染天气过程气象成因

为了分析京津冀地区2015年11月27日~12月1日和12月19日~25日这2次重污染过程,从环流形势、大气稳定度条件、动力条件、水汽条件、近地层风场输送等几个方面对重污染天气的形成机制展开分析,结果表明：这2次重污染天气过程均属于静稳型,津京冀各地重度以上污染时长均超过50%.在大范围静稳形势存在时,过程一期间边界层内的垂直扩散条件较过程二偏弱,过程一期间地面辐合线位置偏北且维持不动,过程二期间辐合线位置偏南且略微南北摆动,导致了2次过程重污染区域和污染增长速率的不同.对北京而言,过程一前期降雪融化提供了有利水汽条件,弱偏南风有利于污染物和水汽的输送,混合层高度持续异常偏低（京津冀平均混合层高度339m）、过程期间伴随弱下沉运动（0~2Pa/s）、多层逆温（且厚度大）造成日变化不明显,地面辐合线在北京中部维持等多重因素,使得污染浓度极高,北京地区PM_2.5峰值浓度达593mg/m³.过程二前期采取了减排措施,能见度和PM_2.5日变化大、污染发展较过程一前期平缓;后期不利气象条件叠加污染排放,导致了PM_2.5爆发式增长,其中邢台PM_2.5峰值浓度达70mg/m³,增长率超过7.2mg/（m³·h）.     

Sustainable management of demolition waste—an integrated model for the evaluation of environmental, economic and social aspects

A model is presented for evaluating waste management systems for their contribution to a sustainable development, including environmental, economic and social aspects. The model was tested in a case-study, where groups of long-term unemployed people were offered both education on environmental issues and practical work with the recovery and recycling of building and demolition waste as a form of vocational development. Application of the suggested model revealed the overall effects on sustainability of different methods of waste management. In addition, negative aspects of the systems analysed were identified, which led to discussions about possible improved practices within the waste management systems. Two of the waste management systems investigated (the recycling of steel and re-use of sanitary porcelain) showed a potential contribution to sustainable development in all of the aspects studied. Preparing bricks for re-use showed the largest potential for eco-efficiency, but had negative effects on sustainability from the social perspective of health and the working environment. The possibility of further use of the model and the remaining obstacles to such analyses are discussed. One observation is that the data collection needed to perform this kind of sustainability analysis is resource-demanding, and that it would therefore be better to identify a smaller number of key indicators.     

非饱和土石坝渗流分析

传统的渗流分析主要考虑饱和区而忽略非饱和区内的渗流,本文基于饱和-非饱和渗流计算原理,采用有限元法考虑了非饱和区渗流的影响,并以各向同性均质坝和心墙土石坝为算例进行计算分析。算例表明,由于基质吸力产生的虹吸作用,使得浸润线上部的非饱和区内也存在着连续的水流,通过分析这种水流的特点,定性地得出其对土石坝渗流稳定性的影响。     

Processing and Characterization of Short-Fiber Reinforced Jute/Poly Butylene Succinate Biodegradable Composites: The Effect of Weld-Line

Fabrication of complex injection molded parts often involves the use of multiple gates. In such situations, polymer melts from different gates meld to form the molded part (weld line). This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of the mechanical and morphological properties of short fiber reinforced jute/poly butylene succinate (PBS) biodegradable composites. The effect of a dual gated mold in the fabrication of welded specimens was a key focus of the investigation. It was observed that incorporation of jute fiber (10 wt%) conferred drastic changes on the stress–strain properties of the matrix as the elongation at break (EB), dropped from 160% in the matrix to just 10% in the composite. The tensile strength of the composite was lower than that of the matrix. However, it is noteworthy that the tensile modulus of the composite increased. Bending test also revealed that both bending strength and modulus increased with the incorporation of jute. Morphological studies of the tensile fracture surface using SEM revealed two types of failure mode. Ductile failure was indicated by plastic deformation at the initiation of fracture followed by brittle failure. The good interfacial bonding indicated between jute and PBS was attributed to positive interaction between the two polar polymers. A comparison of the non-weld and weld-line samples revealed that the weld-line composites have better mechanical integrity than the corresponding polymer matrix with weld line. The results also revealed that elongation at break and toughness are most sensitive to the presence of the weld-line whereas flexural properties are least sensitive.